academic failure and scholastic demoralisation

ability to cope with stress

attention deficits

ability to face adversity

caring for chronically ill or dementia patients

adaptability

child abuse and neglect

autonomy

chronic insomnia

early cognitive stimulation

chronic pain

exercise

communication deviance

feelings of security

early pregnancies

feelings of mastery and control

elder abuse

good parenting

emotional immaturity and lack of control

literacy

substance abuse

positive attachment and early bonding

exposure to aggression, violence and trauma

positive parent-child interaction

family conflict or family disorganisation

problem-solving skills

loneliness

pro-social behaviour

low birth weight

self-esteem

low social class

life skills

medical illness

social and conflict management skills

parental substance abuse

socio-emotional growth

perinatal complications

stress management

personal loss - bereavement

social support of family and friends

poor work skills and habits

reading disabilities

sensory disabilities or organic handicaps

social incompetence

stressful life events

substance use during pregnancy