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  • Perceived general health

    Perceived general health is a widely used measure of general health. One of the methods governments use to assess the positive aspects of health is to survey the population's self-perceived health status. Subjective or self-reported health status is not a substitute for more objective indicators but rather complements them: reports of self-perceived health introduce a consumer perspective into population health monitoring and reveal aspects of health that may not become apparent with more traditional measures.

    Within the Eurothine project, relative inequalities in self assessed health by level of education were compared between 19 European countries. These comparative data of self assessed health are presented for both men and women in the EUphocus Health inequalities.

      Status

        It has been internally edited.

          Data presentation

          7 April 2008
          Perceived general health
          Figures, underlying data and maps

          7 February 2008
          Perceived general health

          Percentage of adults with good or very good self-perceived health, for men, women and total, in Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and the EU-27 (source: Eurostat, 2007).

          Male

          Female

          Total

          Male

          Female

          Total

          Austria

          75.4

          71.9

          73.5

          Latvia

          42.4

          31.8

          36.7

          Belgium

          79.7

          75.0

          77.2

          Lithuania

          49.6

          43.3

          46.1

          Bulgaria

          59.9

          50.6

          55.1

          Luxembourg

          -

          -

          -

          Cyprus

          83.6

          78.1

          80.8

          Malta

          72.7

          66.2

          69.1

          Czech Republic

          66.3

          57.5

          61.7

          Netherlands

          80.9

          74.6

          77.7

          Denmark

          79.5

          76.4

          77.9

          Norway

          82.9

          77.1

          79.9

          Estonia

          44.8

          39.2

          41.9

          Poland

          48.4

          40.4

          43.9

          Finland

          58.4

          59.2

          58.9

          Portugal

          34.8

          24.1

          28.2

          France

          72.8

          66.8

          69.6

          Romania

          72.1

          62.5

          67.1

          Germany

          83.8

          80.3

          82.1

          Slovakia

          70.7

          65.0

          67.7

          Greece

          77.1

          68.8

          72.8

          Slovenia

          32.6

          21.5

          26.6

          Hungary

          50.3

          40.4

          45.1

          Spain

          73.3

          63.5

          68.3

          Iceland

          79.2

          80.6

          79.9

          Sweden

          77.7

          70.7

          74.2

          Ireland

          86.4

          87.7

          87.1

          Switzerland

          87.8

          83.9

          85.8

          Italy

          66.2

          56.1

          61.0

          United Kingdom

          78.8

          77.5

          78.1

          - : no data available

          Remarks

          Tables and figures present the sum of percentages of people perceiving their health as good or very good.

          Data on self-perceived health was retrieved from the national Health Interview Surveys (HIS round 2004) and based on the answer of respondents (aged 15 and more) to the question 'How is your health in general?’ using the following scale: “very good”, “good”, “fair”, “bad” and “very bad”. The question is standard but the interpretation subject to cultural bias.

          The HIS data are collected in different years depending on the country, going from 1996 to 2003. There is no fixed periodicity in these kinds of health surveys. Very few countries have a yearly survey on these topics. A tabular overview is given in HIS 2004 surveys. The national surveys are not all performed in the same period and results are not all at the same time available.

          From 2004 in EU-15 Member States and 2005 in the new Member States, the new EU Statistics on Income and Living Condition survey (SILC) will be used.


          7 February 2008
          Perceived general health

          Percentage of adults with good or very good self-perceived health, by educational status in Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and the EU-27 (source: Eurostat, 2007)

          Pre-primary, primary education or first stage of basic education

          Lower secondary or second stage of basic education

          Upper secondary education

          Post-secondary non-tertiary and tertiary education

          Total

          Austria

          63.2

          -

          77.4

          82.9

          73.5

          Belgium

          58.3

          70.2

          84.3

          87.0

          77.2

          Bulgaria

          38.6

          51.2

          61.0

          62.2

          55.1

          Cyprus

          58.8

          89.8

          87.2

          93.2

          80.8

          Czech Republic

          48.9

          57.6

          74.7

          72.7

          61.7

          Denmark

          -

          61.3

          75.4

          85.6

          77.9

          Estonia

          11.2

          30.2

          48.0

          53.0

          41.9

          Finland

          -

          49.0

          61.1

          71.9

          58.9

          France

          44.5

          70.1

          77.6

          80.2

          69.6

          Germany

          76.8

          79.9

          90.9

          88.6

          82.1

          Greece

          53.2

          87.6

          91.2

          91.4

          72.8

          Hungary

          24.2

          42.9

          57.6

          62.9

          45.1

          Iceland

          54.3

          80.8

          84.7

          91.6

          79.9

          Ireland

          64.4

          88.7

          94.2

          -

          87.1

          Italy

          31.9

          69.8

          74.3

          75.2

          61.0

          Latvia

          33.7

          35.4

          35.7

          43.2

          36.7

          Lithuania

          10.5

          20.6

          42.7

          51.2

          46.1

          Luxembourg

          -

          -

          -

          -

          -

          Malta

          47.3

          75.3

          84.5

          91.2

          69.1

          Netherlands

          65.2

          82.3

          83.3

          85.8

          77.7

          Norway

          78.6

          64.0

          81.2

          89.4

          79.9

          Poland

          31.3

          -

          50.2

          58.4

          43.9

          Portugal

          10.3

          47.8

          59.3

          25.8

          28.2

          Romania

          35.6

          67.5

          77.1

          69.7

          67.1

          Slovakia

          57.0

          60.1

          71.5

          76.6

          67.7

          Slovenia

          16.5

          18.7

          36.3

          41.2

          26.6

          Spain

          52.4

          76.1

          80.9

          84.4

          68.3

          Sweden

          51.2

          75.9

          74.9

          83.5

          74.2

          Switzerland

          86.7

          77.5

          87.0

          91.3

          85.8

          United Kingdom

          56.4

          71.3

          78.5

          83.4

          78.1

          - : no data available

          Remarks

          Tables and figures present the sum of percentages of people perceiving their health as good or very good.

          Data on self-perceived health was retrieved from the national Health Interview Surveys (HIS round 2004) and based on the answer of respondents (aged 15 and more) to the question 'How is your health in general?’ using the following scale: “very good”, “good”, “fair”, “bad” and “very bad”. The question is standard but the interpretation subject to cultural bias.

          The HIS data are collected in different years depending on the country, going from 1996 to 2003. There is no fixed periodicity in these kinds of health surveys. Very few countries have a yearly survey on these topics. A tabular overview is given in HIS 2004 surveys. The national surveys are not all performed in the same period and results are not all at the same time available.

          From 2004 in EU-25 Member States and 2005 in the new Member States, the new EU Statistics on Income and Living Condition survey (SILC) will be used.

          For the educational level the ISCED-1997 classification was followed by most of the countries:

          • classification according to highest level completed
          • respondents still in full time education: classification according to the level they are attaining
          • specification of the four ISCED 97 levels:
            • pre-primary and primary (ISCED 0-1)
            • lower secondary or second stage of basic education (ISCED 2)
            • upper secondary (ISCED 3)
            • post secondary and tertiary (ISCED (4-6)

          See also: ISCED


          7 February 2008
          Perceived general health

          Percentage of adults with good or very good self-perceived health, by age, in Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and the EU-27 (source: Eurostat, 2007)

          All ages

          15-24

          25-34

          35-44

          45-54

          55-64

          65-74

          75-84

          85+

          Austria

          73.5

          89.0

          87.0

          83.1

          71.1

          61.9

          52.0

          43.2

          38.0

          Belgium

          77.2

          92.1

          90.1

          85.2

          76.4

          69.9

          58.1

          46.6

          43.8

          Bulgaria

          55.1

          84.6

          80.2

          68.4

          47.1

          32.0

          23.9

          18.8

          11.4

          Cyprus

          80.8

          95.1

          92.0

          90.2

          83.0

          72.1

          54.3

          29.8

          34.2

          Czech Republic

          61.7

          91.2

          83.6

          69.3

          50.3

          43.7

          32.0

          20.2

          15.1

          Denmark

          77.9

          89.4

          87.9

          83.2

          76.7

          72.4

          65.4

          53.7

          55.5

          Estonia

          41.9

          75.6

          60.7

          44.7

          31.2

          21.5

          14.3

          11.9

          -

          Finland

          58.9

          78.2

          75.9

          65.2

          64.9

          52.4

          51.3

          35.2

          -

          France

          69.6

          89.5

          83.8

          77.4

          65.5

          51.6

          43.2

          36.8

          31.6

          Germany

          82.1

          94.7

          93.3

          88.0

          81.0

          71.8

          67.1

          64.2

          -

          Greece

          72.8

          98.5

          96.2

          92.2

          83.4

          60.8

          39.5

          21.4

          17.1

          Hungary

          45.1

          80.3

          71.0

          57.7

          31.8

          24.5

          15.2

          10.2

          12.3

          Iceland

          79.9

          86.7

          91.2

          84.8

          82.8

          65.8

          47.1

          -

          -

          Ireland

          87.1

          93.3

          94.5

          93.3

          89.2

          79.1

          71.9

          62.4

          53.9

          Italy

          61.0

          90.1

          83.9

          74.7

          60.6

          45.6

          27.6

          17.2

          12.7

          Latvia

          36.7

          66.6

          54.1

          35.0

          23.5

          16.0

          11.0

          -

          -

          Lithuania

          46.1

          68.6

          66.9

          53.1

          33.0

          19.8

          -

          -

          -

          Luxembourg

          -

          -

          -

          -

          -

          -

          -

          -

          -

          Malta

          69.1

          89.9

          84.4

          79.2

          66.9

          54.2

          46.1

          30.8

          30.3

          Netherlands

          77.7

          89.5

          88.1

          83.1

          76.1

          68.0

          62.1

          50.7

          50.9

          Norway

          79.9

          91.8

          89.0

          85.8

          80.3

          71.3

          70.2

          56.5

          56.4

          Poland

          43.9

          83.8

          70.8

          48.0

          26.3

          14.3

          9.2

          9.6

          8.8

          Portugal

          28.2

          72.4

          59.7

          43.8

          30.0

          17.3

          11.3

          9.9

          6.9

          Romania

          67.1

          94.7

          87.4

          76.2

          62.3

          44.4

          28.0

          12.6

          6.1

          Slovakia

          67.7

          85.1

          80.2

          69.8

          53.9

          43.5

          62.5

          -

          -

          Slovenia

          26.6

          53.4

          45.6

          22.6

          19.5

          15.0

          12.2

          0.0

          9.1

          Spain

          68.3

          86.8

          84.0

          77.3

          69.3

          52.1

          41.5

          33.9

          31.8

          Sweden

          74.2

          89.3

          85.7

          82.3

          75.6

          65.0

          65.4

          49.2

          38.6

          Switzerland

          85.8

          92.9

          92.3

          89.2

          86.7

          81.2

          77.8

          69.9

          59.2

          United Kingdom

          78.1

          85.3

          83.7

          82.8

          73.5

          67.4

          61.9

          48.7

          -

          - : no data available

          Remarks

          Tables and figures present the sum of percentages of people perceiving their health as good or very good.

          Data on self-perceived health was retrieved from the national Health Interview Surveys (HIS round 2004) and based on the answer of respondents (aged 15 and more) to the question 'How is your health in general?’ using the following scale: “very good”, “good”, “fair”, “bad” and “very bad”. The question is standard but the interpretation subject to cultural bias.

          The HIS data are collected in different years depending on the country, going from 1996 to 2003. There is no fixed periodicity in these kinds of health surveys. Very few countries have a yearly survey on these topics. A tabular overview is given in HIS 2004 surveys. The national surveys are not all performed in the same period and results are not all at the same time available.

          From 2004 in EU-15 Member States and 2005 in the new Member States, the new EU Statistics on Income and Living Condition survey (SILC) will be used.


          7 February 2008
          Perceived general health

          Trend in percentage of adults with good or very good self-perceived health in the EU-15, 1996-2001 (Eurostat, 2007)

          1996

          1997

          1998

          1999

          2000

          2001

          Austria

          72.2

          73.1

          72.6

          72.7

          73.6

          74.7

          Belgium

          73.6

          73.3

          73.6

          73.4

          73.7

          74.7

          Denmark

          76.4

          77.0

          76.7

          77.9

          76.2

          75.3

          Finland

          59.9a

          61.6

          61.3

          61.3

          61.9a

          61.4

          France

          59.8

          59.1

          57.0

          58.2

          58.1

          58.1

          Germany

          67.2

          47.2

          47.1

          46.6

          45.5

          46.8

          Greece

          75.4

          73.0

          75.9

          76.1

          76.5

          77.2

          Ireland

          81.0

          81.8

          81.3

          82.4

          82.7

          82.0

          Italy

          59.4

          59.7

          59.4

          58.7

          58.2

          60.3

          Luxembourg

          68.1

          -

          -

          -

          -

          -

          Netherlands

          74.0

          73.7

          73.7

          72.5

          71.9

          72.4

          Portugal

          48.1

          47.1

          47.1

          47.5

          46.8

          47.5

          Spain

          67.6

          67.9

          68.7

          69.9

          70.6

          68.8

          Sweden

          -

          -

          -

          -

          -

          -

          United Kingdom

          71.4

          68.9

          68.7

          45.6

          67.8

          68.2

          EU-15

          65.9

          60.8

          60.6

          57.1

          60.3

          60.9

          - : no data available

          a : unreliable or uncertain data

          Remarks

          The tables and figures present the sum of percentages of people perceiving their health as good or very good.

          Data on self-perceived health was based on the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) carried out during the period 1994-2001 and refer to the auto-evaluation of the general health status by respondents aged 16 or over using a scale from very good to very bad.

          ECHP data are no longer collected. In future new sources will be used, in particular the Statistics on Income and Living Conditions survey (SILC) from 2004 onwards in EU-15 Member States and from 2005 onwards in the new Member States. A harmonised European Health Interview Survey (EHIS) will be carried out in 2007/08; results are expected for 2010.


          7 February 2008
          Perceived general health

          Remarks

          Tables and figures present the sum of percentages of people perceiving their health as good or very good.

          Data on self-perceived health was retrieved from the national Health Interview Surveys (HIS round 2004) and based on the answer of respondents (aged 15 and more) to the question 'How is your health in general?’ using the following scale: “very good”, “good”, “fair”, “bad” and “very bad”. The question is standard but the interpretation subject to cultural bias.

          The HIS data are collected in different years depending on the country, going from 1996 to 2003. There is no fixed periodicity in these kinds of health surveys. Very few countries have a yearly survey on these topics. A tabular overview is given in HIS 2004 surveys. The national surveys are not all performed in the same period and results are not all at the same time available.

          From 2004 in EU-15 Member States and 2005 in the new Member States, the new EU Statistics on Income and Living Condition survey (SILC) will be used.


          7 February 2008
          Perceived general health

          Remarks

          Tables and figures present the sum of percentages of people perceiving their health as good or very good.

          Data on self-perceived health was retrieved from the national Health Interview Surveys (HIS round 2004) and based on the answer of respondents (aged 15 and more) to the question 'How is your health in general?’ using the following scale: “very good”, “good”, “fair”, “bad” and “very bad”. The question is standard but the interpretation subject to cultural bias.

          The HIS data are collected in different years depending on the country, going from 1996 to 2003. There is no fixed periodicity in these kinds of health surveys. Very few countries have a yearly survey on these topics. A tabular overview is given in HIS 2004 surveys. The national surveys are not all performed in the same period and results are not all at the same time available.

          From 2004 in EU-15 Member States and 2005 in the new Member States, the new EU Statistics on Income and Living Condition survey (SILC) will be used.

          For the educational level the ISCED-1997 classification was followed by most of the countries:

          • classification according to highest level completed
          • respondents still in full time education: classification according to the level they are attaining
          • specification of the four ISCED 97 levels:
            • pre-primary and primary (ISCED 0-1)
            • lower secondary or second stage of basic education (ISCED 2)
            • upper secondary (ISCED 3)
            • post secondary and tertiary (ISCED (4-6)

          See also: ISCED


          7 February 2008
          Perceived general health

          Remarks

          Tables and figures present the sum of percentages of people perceiving their health as good or very good.

          Data on self-perceived health was retrieved from the national Health Interview Surveys (HIS round 2004) and based on the answer of respondents (aged 15 and more) to the question 'How is your health in general?’ using the following scale: “very good”, “good”, “fair”, “bad” and “very bad”. The question is standard but the interpretation subject to cultural bias.

          The HIS data are collected in different years depending on the country, going from 1996 to 2003. There is no fixed periodicity in these kinds of health surveys. Very few countries have a yearly survey on these topics. A tabular overview is given in HIS 2004 surveys. The national surveys are not all performed in the same period and results are not all at the same time available.

          From 2004 in EU-15 Member States and 2005 in the new Member States, the new EU Statistics on Income and Living Condition survey (SILC) will be used.


          7 February 2008
          Perceived general health

          Remarks

          The tables and figures present the sum of percentages of people perceiving their health as good or very good.

          Data on self-perceived health was based on the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) carried out during the period 1994-2001 and refer to the auto-evaluation of the general health status by respondents aged 16 or over using a scale from very good to very bad.

          ECHP data are no longer collected. In future new sources will be used, in particular the Statistics on Income and Living Conditions survey (SILC) from 2004 onwards in EU-15 Member States and from 2005 onwards in the new Member States. A harmonised European Health Interview Survey (EHIS) will be carried out in 2007/08; results are expected for 2010.


          Literature and data sources

          Data sources

          Eurostat. Statistical Database of the European Union